At MacKenzie Kerr we are often asked for advice on key tax planning strategies for business owners. Whether you’re a new or established business in the Inverness area, we can help you.
Starting a business
Starting a business is an exciting and challenging experience and one which also carries a fair degree of risk. You will need to make decisions that could be critical to the long-term success of the enterprise, such things as the type of business and its attributes; your target market and competition; profit potential and how you will extract those profits; the rate of business growth; and the impact of running the business on your personal life. At some point, you’ll also need to consider how you will exit the business when the time comes.
- Writing a business plan
- One of the first things you need to consider is your business plan. This is not only for the benefit of potential investors but to help you stay on the right course in the short, medium and long-term. It should include: the business structure that best meets your needs; your intended funding sources; tax-efficient borrowings; whether a PAYE scheme is necessary; and whether the business should be VAT registered.
- Choosing your business structure
- Deciding on the most appropriate structure for your business isn’t necessarily straightforward. Sole traders, partnerships, limited companies and limited liability partnerships all have their own pros and cons, with different implications for control, perception, support and costs. For example, careful consideration is needed regarding personal ownership of any freehold property on incorporation.
- Deciding on a year end
- It’s also important to choose a year end that suits your business. Is there a time of year when it will be more convenient to close off your accounting records, ready for us? What time of year would be best for stock-taking? Is your trading seasonal? How will the accounting year-end fit in with completing your income tax returns? Speak to us for advice about choosing your year end.
- Registering with HMRC
- When you start a business, it is important to inform HMRC of your new self-employed status as soon as possible. If and when you take on employees you need to register for and set up a PAYE scheme and accept all the responsibilities and obligations that go with it, including compliance with Real Time Information reporting (and remember for this purpose you will most likely be an employee of your limited company, if you incorporate). You will also have to comply with the pensions auto-enrolment obligations, although exemptions apply to director-only companies, so do get in touch for advice in this area.
Claiming expenses
You will pay tax on your taxable profits, so a crucial element of tax planning is to claim all deductible expenses, many of which will be included in your accounting records.
Most self-employed businesses and partnerships need to calculate their taxable profits using the cash basis as a default (though a business may elect to use the accruals basis). The key features of the cash basis are that:
- Businesses are taxed on cash payments actually received less payments made rather than receivable/payable under the accruals basis.
- Cash receipts include all amounts received in connection with the business including those from the disposal of plant and machinery.
- Payments include most purchases of plant and machinery, when paid, rather than claiming capital allowances.
If you are self-employed and carry on your business from home, you can claim tax relief on part of your household expenses, including insurance, repairs and utilities. You may also be able to claim for the cost of travel and accommodation when you are working away from your main place of business, so you should keep adequate business records, such as a log of business journeys. In addition to ensuring that your accounts are accurate, these records may also be requested by HMRC.
Capital allowances
‘Capital allowances’ is the term used to describe the deduction we are able to claim on your behalf for capital expenditure, such as business equipment, in lieu of depreciation. Capital allowances are broadly available to unincorporated businesses accounting under the accruals basis and to companies.
Annual Investment Allowance (AIA)
The majority of businesses are able to claim a 100% Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) on a portion of expenditure on most types of plant and machinery (except cars). The AIA applies to businesses of any size and most business structures, but there are provisions to prevent multiple claims.
The AIA is currently £1 million and businesses are able to allocate their AIA in any way they wish, so it is quite acceptable for them to set their allowance against expenditure qualifying for a lower rate of allowances (such as integral features).
Writing Down Allowance (WDA)
Any expenditure not covered by the AIA generally enters either the main rate pool or the special rate pool, attracting WDA at 14% and 6% respectively for 2026/27. Note the WDA on the main rate pool was 18% prior to 1 April 2026 (Corporation Tax) and 6 April 2026 (Income Tax); where a business has a chargeable period spanning the change a hybrid rate will apply.
The special rate pool applies to higher emission cars, long-life assets and integral features of buildings, specifically:
- electrical systems (including lighting systems)
- hot and cold water systems
- space or water heating systems, powered systems of ventilation, air cooling or purification and any floor or ceiling comprised in such systems
- lifts, escalators and moving walkways
- external solar shading.
For most other plant and equipment, including some cars, the main rate applies.
A WDA of up to £1,000 may be claimed by businesses where the unrelieved expenditure in the main pool or the special rate pool is £1,000 or less.
Plant and machinery - full expensing
Companies investing in qualifying new plant and machinery benefit from first year allowances (FYA).
Under this measure a company is allowed to claim:
- full expensing providing an allowance of 100% on most new plant and machinery investments that ordinarily qualify for 14% main rate writing down allowances
- a FYA of 50% on most new plant and machinery investments that ordinarily qualify for 6% special rate writing down allowances.
This relief is not available for unincorporated businesses.
Plant and machinery - new first year allowance
A FYA of 40% applies for expenditure on main rate assets (i.e. otherwise qualifying for 14% WDAs) which has been incurred on or after 1 January 2026. Some exceptions apply including cars and second-hand assets.
Cars
The tax allowance on a car purchase depends on CO2 emissions. Under current rules, purchases of new unused cars with zero emissions attract a 100% first year allowance if purchased before 1 or 6 April 2026 (for companies and unincorporated businesses respectively). For cars purchased with CO2 emissions not in excess of 50g/km, the main rate of 14% applies. Cars with CO2 emissions above 50g/km will be restricted to the special rate WDA of 6%.
For non-corporates, cars with a non-business use element are dealt with in single asset pools, so the correct private use adjustments can be made but the rate of WDA will be determined by the car’s CO2 emissions. Remember, cars do not qualify for the AIA or FYA (unless they have zero emissions).
Buildings
When a building is purchased for business use, it may be possible to claim capital allowances on plant elements contained therein, e.g. air conditioning, subject to certain conditions. A joint election may need to be made with the vendor. Please contact us for further details and advice prior to any purchase.
The Structures and Buildings Allowance is available on new, or the renovation of old, non-residential structures and buildings. Relief is available on eligible construction costs at an annual rate of 3% on a straight-line basis.
Research and Development (R&D) investment
Companies with expenditure in qualifying R&D activities can receive tax relief. For accounting periods starting on or after 1 April 2024, the previous SME scheme and the R&D expenditure credit (RDEC) scheme merged. The new scheme broadly follows the rules of the RDEC:
- There will be a 20% above the line credit.
- Loss-making companies will benefit from a notional tax rate of 19% (small profits rate) and not 25% (main rate), increasing the benefit.
- Where R&D activity is sub-contracted out, the company who bears the risk will be the one to make the claim.
- Claims will be restricted to UK based activities and workers, subject to specific exemptions.
R&D intensive companies will operate under a separate scheme, with enhanced relief where R&D expenditure accounts for 30% or more of total expenditure.
This is a complex area. Please get in touch if you would like to know more.
Involving your family
You can employ family members in your business as long as it can be justified commercially. Family members can be remunerated with a salary and possibly with benefits such as a company car or medical insurance. You can also make payments into a registered pension scheme.
It is worth noting that HMRC may challenge excessive remuneration packages or profit shares for family members, so seek our advice first.
Risk areas
Numerous ‘fines’ are administered for those who fail to comply with the rules and regulations set by government departments. Income tax is detailed further below but other possible ‘traps’ to avoid are:
- late VAT registration and late filing penalties
- late payment penalties and interest
- penalties for errors in returns
- penalties for late PAYE returns
- penalties for failing to operate a PAYE or sub-contractors scheme
- penalties for failing to comply with pensions auto-enrolment regulations.
In order to help you to steer clear of these pitfalls, we must receive all of the details for your accounts and Tax Returns in good time and be kept informed of any changes in your business, financial and personal circumstances.
Employment or self-employment?
There is no statutory definition of ‘employment’ or ‘self-employment’, so determining whether someone is employed or self-employed is not straightforward.
Instead, HMRC applies a series of ‘tests’ in order to ascertain whether someone is classified correctly. As large amounts of both tax and NICs can be at stake, HMRC often takes quite an aggressive line with regard to this issue and errors can be costly, so seeking advice that is tailored to your situation is essential. Please contact us for assistance in this matter.
Forming a limited company
Forming a limited company may be a consideration if the limitation of liability is important, but it should be noted that banks and other creditors often require personal guarantees from directors for company borrowings.
The main rate of corporation tax is 25% where profits are over £250,000. A small companies rate of 19% is available to companies with profits not exceeding £50,000. Companies with profits between these limits are taxed at 25% but are eligible for marginal relief to reduce tax payable. Income tax will then be due on the extraction of profits from the company whether in the form of salaries, bonuses or dividends.
Funds retained by the company can be used to buy equipment or to provide for pensions – both of which can be eligible for tax relief. They could be used to fund dividends or capitalised and potentially taxed at 18% and/or 24% on a liquidation or sale.
Increasing your net income as an owner-director
As an example, consider how much you might pay if, as an owner-director, you wanted to extract £10,000 profit from your company in 2026/27 by way of a dividend rather than a bonus. We have assumed in this scenario that the director has already taken salary in excess of the upper earnings limit for NICs, is a 40% taxpayer, and the £500 dividend tax allowance has already been utilised.
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Case study
As you can see in this case study, the net receipt by the individual is increased by 11% by opting to declare a dividend but this costs the company up to 16% more. Be sure to discuss this with us, as this is a complex area of tax law.
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| |
Bonus (small company) £ |
Bonus (main rate) £ |
Dividend £ |
| Profit to extract |
10,000 |
10,000 |
10,000 |
| Tax payable by company: |
|
|
|
| Employers’ NICs (15%) |
1,500 |
1,500 |
|
| Corporation tax saving on bonus and NICs (19%/25%) |
-2,185 |
-2,875 |
|
| Net cost to company |
9,315 |
8,625 |
10,000 |
| Tax payable by individual: |
|
|
|
| Employees’ NICs (2%) |
200 |
200 |
|
| Income tax (40%/35.75%) |
4,000 |
4,000 |
3,575 |
| Net receipt by individual |
5,800 |
5,800 |
6,425 |
| Total tax payable by company and individual |
3,515 |
2,825 |
3,575 |
For Scottish taxpayers paying the Scottish Higher Rate of 42%, the net amount extracted on the bonus would be reduced to £5,600 (£10,000 less tax @ 42% and NICs of £200). The tax payable on dividends is the same wherever you are in the UK so the net income would be increased by 15%.
Remember that dividends are usually payable to all shareholders and are not earnings for pension contributions and certain other purposes. Finally, you need to consider with us the effect of regular dividend payments on the valuation of shares in your company.
National Insurance contributions (NICs)
Leaving profits in the company may be tax-efficient, but you will of course need money to live on, so you should consider the best ways to extract profits from your business.
A salary will meet most of your needs, but you should not overlook the use of benefits, which could save income tax and could also result in a lower NIC liability.
Four key NIC points to consider:
- Increasing the amount the employer contributes to company pension schemes. Care should be taken however as there are limits on the amount of pension contributions an individual can make both annually and over their lifetime.
- Share incentive plans (shares bought out of pre-tax and pre-NIC income).
- For some companies, disincorporation and instead operating as a sole trader or partnership may be beneficial.
- Paying dividends instead of bonuses to owner-directors.
Planning for the year end
Tax and financial planning should be undertaken before the end of your business year, rather than left until the end of the tax or financial year. Some of the issues to consider include:
- the impact that accelerating expenditure into the current financial year, or deferring it into the next, might have on your tax position and financial results
- making additional pension contributions or reviewing your pension arrangements
- how you might take profits from your business at the smallest tax cost, and how the timing of payment of dividends and bonuses can reduce or defer tax.
Making Tax Digital
Under the MTD for VAT rules, all VAT-registered businesses must keep digital records for VAT purposes and provide their VAT return information to HMRC using MTD compatible software.We can help you to meet your MTD for VAT obligations.
From April 2026 self-employed individuals and landlords with qualifying income over £50,000 based on their submitted 2024/25 returns will be mandated to apply MTD for income tax for self assessment (ITSA). MTD will subsequently be extended to businesses with qualifying income over £30,000 from April 2027 and those with qualifying income over £20,000 from April 2028. The government will review the application of MTD for ITSA for smaller businesses.
Similarly to MTD for VAT, businesses will be required to keep their records digitally and provide digital quarterly updates to HMRC through MTD compatible software. Separate filings will be required for each business. For example, a self-employed individual with UK and overseas property income would be required to make three sets of quarterly filings i.e. 12 quarterly filings per annum. A final submission, replacing the income tax return, is required to include any additional sources of income and make any tax adjustments.
We can help you assess when MTD will be required for your business and to meet your obligations.
Minimising the risk of late filing penalties
It is important to keep your personal tax affairs in order so that you avoid incurring any Tax Return late filing penalties.
The timetable for making tax payments is relatively straightforward for the self-employed:
- 31 January in the tax year, first payment on account
- 31 July after the tax year, second payment on account
- 31 January after the tax year, balancing payment.
A system of interest and penalties applies. For example, if any balance of tax or NICs due for 2025/26 is not paid within 30 days after 31 January 2027, further penalties may apply as HMRC will seek to charge a 5% late payment penalty as well as the interest that will be charged from 1 February 2027, with further 5% penalties chargeable on 31 July 2027 and 31 January 2028, plus interest on any outstanding liabilities.
If your business is incorporated, it will be liable to corporation tax. Corporation tax is usually payable nine months and one day after the end of the company’s accounting period.
If there are cash flow issues, HMRC might be persuaded to accept a spreading of your next business tax payment – you will have to pay interest at the HMRC rate, but keep to the agreed schedule and late payment penalties will be waived. Arrangements need to be put in place before the due date for paying the tax, so talk to us in good time if you wish to apply.
Payments on account
Payments on account are normally equal to 50% of the previous year’s net liability and are due on 31 January in the tax year and 31 July following the tax year.
A claim can be made to reduce your payments on account, if appropriate, although interest will be charged if your actual liability is more than the reduced amount paid on account. There is no equivalent mechanism to make increased payments on account when the year’s tax will be higher, so you should ensure that you build a reserve of money to pay the balance of tax due.
Don’t wait until it’s too late if you have difficulties! Please tell us in good time about any issues facing your business, as we may be able to offer solutions.
Payments on account are not due where the relevant amount is less than £1,000 or if more than 80% of the total tax liability is met by income tax deducted at source. In these cases, the balance of tax due for the year, including capital gains tax, is payable on the 31 January following the end of the tax year.
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Case Study
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Peter is self-employed. His accounts are made up to 31 March each year. When we prepare the 2026/27 return we will be including his profit for the year ended 31 March 2027.
Peter’s payments on account for 2026/27 will automatically be based on the 2025/26 liability.
Your next steps: contact us to discuss…
- Starting up a new business
- Raising finance for your venture
- Timing capital and revenue expenditure
- Minimising employer and employee NIC costs
- Improving profitability and developing a plan for tax-efficient profit extraction
If you are in the Inverness area and would like advice on tax planning strategies for your business, please contact MacKenzie Kerr.